The heat-shock protein receptor CD91 is up-regulated in monocytes of HIV-1–infected “true” long-term nonprogressors

Abstract

AbstractA small proportion of patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains asymptomatic for a long period after infection. It is thought that a vigorous immune response may contribute to long-term nonprogression, though studies are confounded by heterogeneity among patients. We studied the levels of HIV-1 receptors, costimulatory T-cell molecules, and dendritic cell (DC) numbers in 18 patients with long-term infection, CD4 counts greater than 400 cells/mm3, and HIV-1 viral loads lower than 50 copies/mL. These patients were further differentiated through the presence or absence of 2-LTR DNA circles, a possible marker for residual ongoing HIV-1 replication. A statistically significant increase in levels of CD91, the heat-shock protein (HSP) receptor, was observed in therapy-naive patients who had no evidence of ongoing viral replication (P = .01). This difference was most notable on their monocytes. High levels of CD91 may be a host factor that contributes to the maintenance of long-term nonprogression. The ability of CD91 to internalize α-defensins and to cross-present exogenous antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 may maintain CD8+ responses in these patients.