Affiliation:
1. Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; and
2. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
Abstract
AbstractCytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. These intercellular messengers are the source of soluble regulatory signals that initiate and constrain inflammatory responses to pathogens and injury. Although numerous studies describe detailed signaling pathways induced by cytokines and their specific receptors, there is little information on the mechanisms that control the release of cytokines from different cell types. Indeed, the pathways, molecules, and mechanisms of cytokine release remain a “black box” in immunology. Here, we review research findings and new approaches that have begun to generate information on cytokine trafficking and release by innate immune cells in response to inflammatory or infectious stimuli. Surprisingly complex machinery, multiple organelles, and specialized membrane domains exist in these cells to ensure the selective, temporal, and often polarized release of cytokines in innate immunity.
Publisher
American Society of Hematology
Subject
Cell Biology,Hematology,Immunology,Biochemistry
Cited by
280 articles.
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