Norovirus gastroenteritis causes severe and lethal complications after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Author:

Schwartz Stefan1,Vergoulidou Maria1,Schreier Eckart2,Loddenkemper Christoph3,Reinwald Mark1,Schmidt-Hieber Martin1,Flegel Willy A.4,Thiel Eckhard1,Schneider Thomas5

Affiliation:

1. Medizinische Klinik III, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany;

2. Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany;

3. Institut für Pathologie, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany;

4. Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and

5. Medizinische Klinik I, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany

Abstract

Abstract Norovirus (NV) infections are a frequent cause of gastroenteritis (GE), but data on this disease in immunocompromised patients are limited. We analyzed an NV outbreak, which affected immunosuppressed patients in the context of chemotherapy or HSCT. On recognition, 7 days after admission of the index patient, preventive measures were implemented. Attack rates were only 3% (11/334) and 10% (11/105) among patients and staff members, respectively. The median duration of symptoms was 7 days in patients compared with only 3 days in staff members (P = .02). Three patients died of the NV infection. Commonly used clinical diagnostic criteria (Kaplan-criteria) were unsuitable because they applied to 11 patients with proven NV-GE but also to 15 patients without NV-GE. With respect to the therapeutic management, it is important to differentiate intestinal GVHD from NV-GE. Therefore, we analyzed the histopathologic patterns in duodenal biopsies, which were distinctive in both conditions. Stool specimens in patients remained positive for NV-RNA for a median of 30 days, but no transmission was observed beyond an asymptomatic interval of 48 hours. NV-GE is a major threat to patients with chemotherapy or HSCT, and meticulous measures are warranted to prevent transmission of NV to these patients.

Publisher

American Society of Hematology

Subject

Cell Biology,Hematology,Immunology,Biochemistry

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