Genome-wide association study for circulating levels of PAI-1 provides novel insights into its regulation

Author:

Huang Jie1,Sabater-Lleal Maria2,Asselbergs Folkert W.345,Tregouet David6,Shin So-Youn7,Ding Jingzhong8,Baumert Jens9,Oudot-Mellakh Tiphaine6,Folkersen Lasse2,Johnson Andrew D.110,Smith Nicholas L.111213,Williams Scott M.14,Ikram Mohammad A.1516,Kleber Marcus E.1718,Becker Diane M.19,Truong Vinh20,Mychaleckyj Josyf C.21,Tang Weihong22,Yang Qiong123,Sennblad Bengt2,Moore Jason H.24,Williams Frances M. K.25,Dehghan Abbas1526,Silbernagel Günther27,Schrijvers Elisabeth M. C.1526,Smith Shelly28,Karakas Mahir29,Tofler Geoffrey H.30,Silveira Angela2,Navis Gerjan J.31,Lohman Kurt32,Chen Ming-Huei23,Peters Annette9,Goel Anuj3334,Hopewell Jemma C.35,Chambers John C.3637,Saleheen Danish3839,Lundmark Per40,Psaty Bruce M.4112,Strawbridge Rona J.2,Boehm Bernhard O.42,Carter Angela M.43,Meisinger Christa9,Peden John F.3334,Bis Joshua C.44,McKnight Barbara45,Öhrvik John2,Taylor Kent46,Franzosi Maria Grazia47,Seedorf Udo48,Collins Rory35,Franco-Cereceda Anders49,Syvänen Ann-Christine40,Goodall Alison H.50,Yanek Lisa R.19,Cushman Mary5152,Müller-Nurasyid Martina535455,Folsom Aaron R.22,Basu Saonli56,Matijevic Nena57,van Gilst Wiek H.58,Kooner Jaspal S.37,Hofman Albert1526,Danesh John39,Clarke Robert59,Meigs James B.6061,Kathiresan Sekar626364,Reilly Muredach P.65,Klopp Norman66,Harris Tamara B.67,Winkelmann Bernhard R.68,Grant Peter J.43,Hillege Hans L.58,Watkins Hugh3334,Spector Timothy D.25,Becker Lewis C.69,Tracy Russell P.70,März Winfried187172,Uitterlinden Andre G.1626,Eriksson Per2,Cambien Francois20,Morange Pierre-Emmanuel73,Koenig Wolfgang29,Soranzo Nicole725,van der Harst Pim58,Liu Yongmei2874,O'Donnell Christopher J.11075,Hamsten Anders2, , , ,

Affiliation:

1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI) Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA;

2. Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden;

3. Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

4. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

5. Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands;

6. Inserm Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR)_S 937, ICAN Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 06), Paris, France;

7. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom;

8. Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;

9. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany;

10. Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD;

11. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

12. Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA;

13. Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA;

14. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Rotterdam Study:

15. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;

16. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;

17. Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study Nonprofit LLC, Freiburg, Germany;

18. Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;

19. Division of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;

20. Inserm UMR_S 937, ICAN Institute, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 06), Paris, France;

21. Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;

22. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;

23. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA;

24. Department of Genetics and Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH;

25. Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom;

26. Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands;

27. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;

28. Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;

29. Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;

30. Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;

31. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;

32. Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC;

33. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;

34. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom;

35. Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom;

36. Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, London, United Kingdom;

37. Cardiology, Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom;

38. Center for Non-Communicable Diseases Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan;

39. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom;

40. Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;

41. Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

42. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Molecular Diabetology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany;

43. Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds University, Leeds, United Kingdom;

44. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

45. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

46. Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA;

47. Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy;

48. Gesellschaft für Arterioskleroseforschunge V, Leibniz-Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung an der Universität Münster (LIFA), Münster, Germany;

49. Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;

50. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom;

51. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; GeneSTAR:

52. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT;

53. Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany;

54. Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany;

55. Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany;

56. Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;

57. Hemostasis Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Health Study:

58. Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;

59. Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;

60. General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;

61. Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;

62. Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;

63. Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;

64. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA;

65. Cardiovascular Institute, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;

66. Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Resrarch Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany;

67. Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD;

68. Cardiology Team Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany;

69. Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;

70. Department of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT;

71. Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany;

72. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz Austria;

73. Inserm UMR_S 626, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France;

74. Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; and

75. Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA

Abstract

Abstract We conducted a genome-wide association study to identify novel associations between genetic variants and circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentration, and examined functional implications of variants and genes that were discovered. A discovery meta-analysis was performed in 19 599 subjects, followed by replication analysis of genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10−8) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 10 796 independent samples. We further examined associations with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease, assessed the functional significance of the SNPs for gene expression in human tissues, and conducted RNA-silencing experiments for one novel association. We confirmed the association of the 4G/5G proxy SNP rs2227631 in the promoter region of SERPINE1 (7q22.1) and discovered genome-wide significant associations at 3 additional loci: chromosome 7q22.1 close to SERPINE1 (rs6976053, discovery P = 3.4 × 10−10); chromosome 11p15.2 within ARNTL (rs6486122, discovery P = 3.0 × 10−8); and chromosome 3p25.2 within PPARG (rs11128603, discovery P = 2.9 × 10−8). Replication was achieved for the 7q22.1 and 11p15.2 loci. There was nominal association with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease at ARNTL (P < .05). Functional studies identified MUC3 as a candidate gene for the second association signal on 7q22.1. In summary, SNPs in SERPINE1 and ARNTL and an SNP associated with the expression of MUC3 were robustly associated with circulating levels of PAI-1.

Publisher

American Society of Hematology

Subject

Cell Biology,Hematology,Immunology,Biochemistry

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