Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis

Abstract

Abstract Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently been used successfully in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and has been shown to induce partial differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells in vitro. However, the mechanism by which As2O3 exerts its antileukemic effect remains uncertain. Emerging data suggest that the endothelium and angiogenesis play a seminal role in the proliferation of liquid tumors, such as leukemia. We have shown that activated endothelial cells release cytokines that may stimulate leukemic cell growth. Leukemic cells, in turn, can release endothelial growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that As2O3 may interrupt a reciprocal loop between leukemic cells and the endothelium by direct action on both cell types. We have shown that treatment of proliferating layers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a variety of concentrations of As2O3results in a reproducible dose- and time-dependent sequence of events marked by change to an activated morphology, up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion markers, and apoptosis. Also, treatment with As2O3 caused inhibition of VEGF production in the leukemic cell line HEL. Finally, incubation of HUVECs with As2O3 prevented capillary tubule and branch formation in an in vitro endothelial cell–differentiation assay. In conclusion, we believe that As2O3 interrupts a reciprocal stimulatory loop between leukemic cells and endothelial cells by causing apoptosis of both cell types and by inhibiting leukemic cell VEGF production.