A mechanism for hereditary angioedema caused by a methionine-379 to lysine substitution in kininogens

Abstract

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is associated with episodic kinin-induced swelling of skin and mucosal membranes. Most HAE patients have low plasma C1-inhibitor activity, leading to increased generation of the protease plasma kallikrein (PKa) and excessive release of the nanopeptide bradykinin from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK). However, disease causing mutations in at least 10% of HAE patients appear to involve genes for proteins other than C1-inhibitor. A point mutation in the Kng1 gene encoding HK and low-molecular-weight kininogen (LK) was identified recently in a family with HAE. The mutation changes a methionine (Met379) to lysine (Lys379) in both proteins. Met379 is adjacent to the Lys380-Arg381 cleavage site at the N-terminus of the bradykinin peptide. Recombinant wild type (Met379) and variant (Lys379) versions of HK and LK were expressed in HEK293 cells. PKa-catalyzed kinin release from HK and LK was not affected by the Lys379 substitutions. However, kinin release from HK-Lys379 and LK-Lys379 catalyzed by the fibrinolytic protease plasmin was substantially greater than from wild type HK-Met379 and LK-Met379. Increased kinin release was evident when fibrinolysis was induced in plasma containing HK-Lys379 or LK-Lys379 compared to wild type HK and LK. Mass spectroscopy revealed that the kinin released from wild type and variant kininogens by PKa is bradykinin. Plasmin also released bradykinin from wild type kininogens but cleaved HK-Lys379 and LK-Lys379 after Lys379 rather than Lys380, releasing the decapeptide Lys-bradykinin (kallidin). The Met379Lys substitutions make HK and LK better plasmin substrates, reinforcing the relationship between fibrinolysis and kinin generation.