Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of Cognitive Tests for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease in Patients with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis1

Abstract

Background: Improved health care for people with Down syndrome (DS) has resulted in an increase in their life expectancy therefore increasing comorbidities associated with age-related problems in this population, the most frequent being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To date, several cognitive tests have been developed to evaluate cognitive changes related to the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in people with DS. Objective: Identify and evaluate available cognitive tests for the diagnosis of MCI and AD in people with DS. Methods: A systematic search of the Pubmed and PsycInfo databases was performed to identify articles published from January 1, 2000 and July 1, 2022. Keysearch terms were DS, AD or MCI, cognition, and assessment. Relevant studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of cognitive tests for AD or MCI with standard clinical evaluation were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS 2. Results: We identified 15 batteries, 2 intelligence scales, 14 memory tests, 11 executive, functioning tests, 11 motor and visuospatial functioning tests, 5 language tests, 3 attention tests, and 2 orientation tests. Analysis showed that the CAMCOG-DS present a fair to excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting AD in patients with DS. However, for the diagnosis of MCI, this battery showed poor to good diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: The findings highlight important limitations of the current assessment available for the screening of mild cognitive impairment and AD in patients with DS and support the need for more clinical trials to ensure better screening for this highly at-risk population.