COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications

Published:2020-09-15 Issue:2 Volume:77 Page:459-504
ISSN:1387-2877
Container-title:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
language:
Short-container-title:JAD

Author:

Yamamoto Vicky¹²³⁴,Bolanos Joe F.¹²,Fiallos John¹²,Strand Susanne E.¹²,Morris Kevin¹²,Shahrokhinia Sanam⁵,Cushing Tim R.⁶,Hopp Lawrence⁷,Tiwari Ambooj¹⁸,Hariri Robert¹⁹¹⁰,Sokolov Rick¹¹,Wheeler Christopher¹²¹²,Kaushik Ajeet¹³,Elsayegh Ashraf¹⁴,Eliashiv Dawn¹¹⁵,Hedrick Rebecca¹⁶,Jafari Behrouz¹⁷,Johnson J. Patrick¹⁸¹⁹,Khorsandi Mehran²⁰,Gonzalez Nestor¹⁹,Balakhani Guita²¹,Lahiri Shouri²²,Ghavidel Kazem²³,Amaya Marco¹²,Kloor Harry¹,Hussain Namath¹²⁴,Huang Edmund²¹,Cormier Jason¹²⁵,Wesson Ashford J.¹²⁶,Wang Jeffrey C.¹²⁷,Yaghobian Shadi²⁸,Khorrami Payman²⁹,Shamloo Bahman³⁰,Moon Charles³¹,Shadi Payam²⁸,Kateb Babak¹²²⁴³²³³

Affiliation:

1. Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA

2. Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA

3. USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA

4. USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

5. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA

6. UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

7. Cedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

8. New York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA

9. Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA

10. Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA

11. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA

12. T-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA

13. NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA

14. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

15. UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

16. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA

17. University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA

18. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA

19. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA

20. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

21. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

22. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

23. University of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran

24. Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA

25. Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA

26. Stanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA

27. USC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA

28. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA

29. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

30. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA

31. Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA

32. National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA

33. Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Abstract

COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients’, families’, and society’s mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University’s library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Publisher

IOS Press

Subject

Psychiatry and Mental health,Geriatrics and Gerontology,Clinical Psychology,General Medicine,General Neuroscience

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