Using Cognitive-Motor Dual-Tasks and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Characterize Older Adults with and without Subjective Cognitive Decline

Abstract

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to individuals who report persistent cognitive deficits but perform normally on neuropsychological tests. Performance may be facilitated by increased prefrontal cortex activation, known as neural compensation, and could be used to differentiate between older adults with and without SCD. Objective: This cross-sectional pilot study measured changes in the hemodynamic response (ΔHbO2) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as well as cognitive and motor performance during fine and gross motor dual-tasks in older adults with and without SCD. Methods: Twenty older adults over 60 years old with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) SCD were recruited. Two experiments were conducted using 1) gross motor walking and 2) fine motor finger tapping tasks that were paired with an n-back working memory task. Participants also completed neuropsychological assessments and questionnaires on everyday functioning. Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated slower response times during dual-task gait compared to the single task (p = 0.032) and in the non-SCD group, slower gait speed was also observed in the dual compared to single task (p = 0.044). Response times during dual-task finger tapping were slower than the single task (p = 0.049) and greater ΔHbO2 was observed overall in the SCD compared to non-SCD group (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Examining neural and performance outcomes revealed differences between SCD and non-SCD groups and single and dual-tasks. Greater brain activation during dual-task finger tapping may reflect neural compensation, which should be examined in a larger sample and longitudinally to better characterize SCD.