The Current Status of Kidney Cancer Urine Markers – A Systematic Review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma is the 9th most common malignant disease in the Western World. Typically, patients develop symptoms in a late stage of the disease and most of them are diagnosed by chance. Up to 30% of the patients at the time of diagnosis had metastatic disease. Therefore, highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for the detection and progression of kidney cancer are of great importance. Here, urine markers can be a major advantage and can have a huge clinical impact on the diagnosis, differentiation and prognosis of kidney cancer. At the moment there are several approaches to improve these conditions.. METHODS: A systematic literature research was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting urine markers for kidney cancer between 2012 and 2021. A two-step process for the selection of the studies was initiated. In total 287 studies were considering for the final analysis. In total, 6 studies, which presented potential urinary biomarker were analyzed in depth. RESULTS: The major focus was on urinary markers for the detection, progression and differentiation of renal cell carcinoma. In total, a study population of 1099 patients were investigated in the different studies that were analyzed in depth. The median patient sample size of the different studies was 157 patients. The focus was based on the investigation of different microRNAs and proteins as urinary marker for kidney cancer detection. CONCLUSION: Overall, there are different approaches present for the detection, prognosis and differentiation of kidney cancer in urine but most of the studies are based on a small sample size and need to be validated in a greater collective. Furthermore, the standard should be improved to bring these biomarkers into routine clinical practice.