Cytokine storm: When the immune system goes into overdrive

Abstract

Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response that can occur in various medical conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. It is characterized by a massive release of cytokines, leading to widespread inflammation and tissue damage. Clinical manifestations of cytokine storm include fever, hypotension, respiratory distress, and organ dysfunction. Laboratory findings typically show elevated levels of inflammatory markers and cytokines. The treatment of cytokine storm depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but commonly involves immunosuppressive therapy, cytokine inhibitors, supportive care, plasma exchange, and other therapies. Early recognition and management are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Several cytokine inhibitors have been used in the treatment of cytokine storm, including tocilizumab, anakinra, emapalumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib. However, the use of cytokine inhibitors should be individualized based on the underlying condition and potential side effects. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of cytokine storm and develop more effective treatment strategies.