Reduction of early vein graft thrombosis by tissue plasminogen activator gene transfer

Abstract

SummaryVein grafts are used to bypass coronary arterial stenosis, but many grafts thrombose soon after surgery. A model was developed in the pig to allow continuous measurement of blood flow and production of flow-restricting thrombi (cyclic flow reductions; CFRs). Saphenous vein lumen was exposed to adenovirus ex vivo, to over-express human tissue plasminogen activator (h-tPA), with β-galactosidase adenovirus as a control. The vein segmen ts were engrafted into carotid arteries and examined 0,1 or 3 days later (4–7 animals/group). Untransduced grafts examined on the day of surgery developed repeated CFRs at both normal and restricted flow, but their frequency declined in grafts examined after 3 days. Adenovirus transduction was evident as β-galactosidase or h-tPA expression 1 day after engraftment. Blood flow was increased 1.4-fold in h-tPA transduced grafts after 1 day [control 390 (280–510), h-tPA 550 (450–660) ml/min; p=0.02 (expressed as mean (95% confidence intervals)]. CFRs were less severe (p=0.002) in the h-tPA transduced grafts than β-galactosidase-transduced grafts. CFRs were also less frequent in unstenosed undamaged h-tPA grafts [control 17 (6.1–29), h-tPA 7.6 (1.7–14) CFR/hr; p=0.02], but this difference was reduced after damage or stenosis. CFRs formed faster in h-tPA than in β-galactosidase-transduced grafts [control 14 (11–17), h-tPA 23 (19–27) ml/min2; p<0.001], and resolved twofold faster [control 25 (22–30), h-tPA 48 (39–60) ml/min2; p<0.001]. Hence, in this model, local gene therapy with h-tPA increased graft blood flow and decreased measures of early graft thrombosis, namely quicker CFR resolution and decreased frequency and severity.