Work, retirement, and post-retirement employment among older adults in India

Abstract

Older adults in India, particularly those in Goa, where there is a high elderly population, have been insufficiently researched. Some older adults are financially vulnerable in their old age and must continue working, while others choose to work to stay active. Although some studies have examined the health and social issues faced by the elderly, this study contributes to a previously unexplored area in Goa. 400 Goan seniors were surveyed using multistage sampling to investigate their occupations before and after retirement, determine reasons for voluntary retirement and associated factors, and assess variables predisposing them to work. Binary Logistic Regression, Chi-square, and Fisher's Exact Tests were used. The findings showed that many were former government and private sector employees, farmers, and educators. 73 participants retired voluntarily due to factors such as health issues, family commitments, stress, and leisure. Among them, 20.5% are currently employed after retirement. Significant correlations were observed between post-retirement work and age groups such as the young-old and old-old. Factors that attracted the participants to engage in post-retirement work include insufficient income, education, experience, good physical health, and mental alertness. The study found that individuals categorized as young-old, with low household income, financially dependent, and having fewer comorbidities, were more likely to continue working after retirement. These findings highlight the need to end age discrimination and provide equal opportunity for older adults to contribute to society. Policymakers must focus on improving the wellbeing of vulnerable older adults who have inadequate resources and poor health. There is potential for further research in various states of India to understand the labor market decisions of older adults and implement necessary improvements where they are lacking.