1. Amat-vallero, M., Vaclav, R., Martinez, T. and Valera, F. 2012. Mixed life-history strategies in a local population of the ectoparasitic fly Carnus hemapterus. Parasitology, 139: 1045–1053.
2. Bequaert, J. 1942. Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch an ectoparasitic fly of birds, new to America (Diptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 37: 140–149.
3. Brake, I. 2011. World catalog of the family Carnidae (Diptera, Schizophora). MYIA, 113–169.
4. Capelle, K. J. and Whitworth, T. L. 1973. The distribution and avian hosts of Carnus hemapterus (Diptera: Milishiidae) in North America. J. Med. Entomol., 10: 525–526.
5. Grimaldi, D. 1997. The bird flies, genus Carnus: species revision, generic relationships, and a fossil Meoneura in amber (Diptera, Carnidae). Am. Mus. Novit., 3190: 1–30.