Frequency, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Hyperlactatemia in HIV-positive Persons: Implications for the Management of Treated Patients

Abstract

Abstract Background: The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used for the treatment of HIV-positive persons are now clearly associated with metabolic disorders. We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for hyperlactatemia in HIV-positive persons to assess the relevance of lactate venous blood concentrations during antiretroviral therapy. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of venous lactate determinations with 282 consecutive HIV-positive persons who, in addition to a physical examination, had blood samples taken every 3–4 months for routine biochemical, immunologic, and viral assessment. The frequencies of hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis were determined, and the risk factors were analyzed by a multivariate logistic regression model. The effect of modification of antiretroviral therapy in patients with moderate hyperlactatemia was also assessed. Results: From 782 blood lactate determinations, we identified 65 (23%) patients with moderate hyperlactatemia and 5 (1.8%) with lactate concentrations >5 mmol/L (2 with severe lactic acidosis; 0.7%). Older age, drug regimens containing stavudine [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.5] or a combination of stavudine-didanosine (adjusted OR = 3.1), and the use of buprenorphine (adjusted OR = 14.7) were independent predictors of hyperlactatemia. Among 65 patients with moderate hyperlactatemia, 39 did not have their treatments changed, and 26 had a new combination therapy that was associated with a clinical improvement and a more pronounced decrease in lactate (−1.66 vs −0.99 mmol/L; P <0.05). Conclusions: Chronic compensated and moderate hyperlactatemia was common in our population study. Measurement of lactate, under standardized conditions, may be useful in optimizing management of HIV-positive persons on antiretroviral therapy.