Expanding the Utility of High-Sensitivity Dried Blood Spot Immunoassay Testing with Single Molecule Counting

Abstract

Abstract Background Dried blood spot (DBS) testing has been used for years in newborn screening and for other applications when obtaining blood by venipuncture is impractical or expensive. However, several technical challenges have restricted the use of DBS testing to qualitative assays or to analytes that are present in relatively high concentrations. The application of high-sensitivity detection using single molecule counting (SMC™) technology can potentially overcome the limitations of DBS as specimen source. Methods A method was developed for reproducibly collecting, storing, and subsequently reconstituting DBS samples to be used with assays based on the SMC technology. Before extraction, DBS samples were scanned, and the blood spot area was calculated to normalize for sample volume and spot variability. DBS sample extraction was done using an efficient high-salt extraction buffer. DBS samples were tested using SMC-based cardiac troponin I (cTnI), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) assays. Results The SMC-DBS assays showed reproducible sensitivity, precision, and the stability required for quantifying low-abundance biomarkers. These assays were not significantly impacted by normal variations in hematocrit or sample collection technique. Correlation coefficients obtained from method comparisons between SMC-DBS and laboratory-developed tests or Food and Drug Administration-cleared tests using traditional sample types were 1.08, 1.04, and 0.99 for cTnI, PSA, and high-sensitivity CRP, respectively. Conclusions Combining DBS finger-stick blood collection with next-generation immunoassay technology will aid the expansion of DBS testing to protein biomarkers that are in low abundance or to low-volume samples, and will enable the development and adoption of DBS testing to far-reaching applications.