Characterizing Opioid Prescribing Trends of Medical Oncologists From 2013 to 2019: Analysis From the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medicare Part D Prescribers Database

Abstract

PURPOSE Opioid prescribing trends in medical oncology are poorly defined past 2017, the year after the CDC updated opioid prescription guidelines in noncancer settings. We aim to characterize pain management by medical oncologists by analyzing opioid and gabapentin prescribing trends from 2013 to 2019, identify physician-related factors associated with prescribing patterns, and assess whether CDC guidelines for nononcologic settings changed prescribing patterns. METHODS The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medicare Part D Prescribers—by Provider, CMS Medicare Part D Prescribers—by Provider and Drug, and CMS Medicare Physician National Downloadable files from 2013 to 2019 were merged by National Provider Identification. The database included physicians' sex, years of practice, regions, and practice settings. Multivariable binary logistic regression identified significant predictors of total opioid, long-acting opioid, and gabapentin prescriptions. RESULTS Binary logistic regression modeling revealed no significant difference in mean daily total opioid prescriptions from 2013 to 2017. Daily opioid prescriptions by medical oncologists decreased significantly after 2017 ( P < .001). Increased opioid prescribing was associated with physician male sex ( P < .001), practicing over 10 years ( P < .001), and practice in nonurban areas ( P < .001). Opioid prescribing was greatest in the South and Midwest United States ( P < .001). The same patterns were observed with total long-acting opioid prescriptions, whereas gabapentin prescribing increased from 2013 to 2019 ( P < .001). CONCLUSION Opioid prescriptions by medical oncologists decreased significantly from 2013 to 2019, but this decrease was most substantial from 2017 to 2019. These results may imply that the 2016 CDC guidelines influenced medical oncologists, particularly more junior physicians in urban settings, to manage chronic cancer pain with alternative therapies.