Predictive Value of Minimal Residual Disease for Efficacy of Rituximab Maintenance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Results From the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Elderly Trial

Abstract

PURPOSE The outcome of older patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has improved by the introduction of immunochemotherapy, followed by rituximab (R)-maintenance. Assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) represents a promising tool for individualized treatment decisions and was a prospectively planned part of the European MCL Elderly trial. We investigated how MRD status influenced the efficacy of R-maintenance and how MRD can enable tailored consolidation strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Previously untreated patients with MCL age 60 years or older have been randomly assigned to R versus interferon-alpha maintenance after response to rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide (R-FC) versus rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (R-CHOP). MRD monitoring was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) following EuroMRD guidelines. RESULTS A qPCR assay with a median sensitivity of 1 × 10−5 could be generated in 80% of 288 patients in an international, multicenter, multilaboratory setting. More extensive tumor dissemination facilitated the identification of a molecular marker. The efficacy of R-maintenance in clinical remission was confirmed for MRD-negative patients at the end of induction in terms of progression-free survival (PFS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.38 [95% CI, 0.21 to 0.63]) and overall survival (OS; HR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.20 to 0.68]), particularly in R-CHOP–treated patients (PFS-HR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.10 to 0.52]; OS-HR, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.52]). R-maintenance appeared less effective in MRD-positive patients (PFS-HR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.26 to 1.02]) overall and after R-CHOP induction (PFS-HR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.28 to 1.26]). R-FC achieved more frequent and faster MRD clearance compared with R-CHOP. MRD positivity in clinical remission after induction was associated with a short median time to clinical progression of approximately 1-1.7 years. CONCLUSION The results confirm the strong efficacy of R-maintenance in patients who are MRD-negative after induction. Treatment de-escalation for MRD-negative patients is discouraged by our results. More effective consolidation strategies should be explored in MRD-positive patients to improve their long-term prognosis.