Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Decline as a Marker of Clinical Outcome in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Patients: Association With Progression-Free Survival, Pain End Points, and Survival

Abstract

PURPOSE: Validated end points are lacking for clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Controversy remains regarding the utility of a posttreatment decline of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether posttreatment declines in PSA were associated with clinical measures of improvement in a randomized phase III trial of suramin plus hydrocortisone versus placebo plus hydrocortisone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 460 HRPC patients were randomized to receive suramin plus hydrocortisone (n = 229) or placebo plus hydrocortisone (n = 231). All patients had symptomatic, metastatic HRPC requiring opioid analgesics. Clinical end points evaluated included overall survival, objective progression-free survival (OPFS), and time to pain progression (TTPP). An evaluation of overall survival, OPFS, and TTPP as a function of a PSA decline of ≥ 50%, lasting at least 28 days, was undertaken by using a landmark analysis at 6, 9, and 12 weeks. A multivariate analysis of the impact of PSA decline was performed on these clinical end points. RESULTS: A decline in PSA of ≥ 50% lasting ≥ 28 days was significantly associated with a prolonged median overall survival, OPFS, and TTPP, both in the entire group and the suramin plus hydrocortisone group at all three landmarks in both univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In this prospective, randomized trial of suramin plus hydrocortisone versus placebo plus hydrocortisone, a posttherapy decline in PSA of ≥ 50%, lasting 28 days, was associated with prolonged median overall survival, improved median progression-free survival, and median TTPP. This analysis suggests that a posttreatment decline in PSA may be a reasonable intermediate end point in HRPC trials and calls into question the clinical utility of preclinical assays evaluating the in vitro effect of given agents on PSA secretion.