Approaches in aligning language frameworks

Abstract

Abstract Research on the alignment of “Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education” with other mainstream language frameworks is in its early stages. To provide practical suggestions for researchers of the Grading Standards, this literature review study investigated general approaches and specific techniques used to align three influential language proficiency frameworks (i.e., the CEFR, ACTFL, and CSE) with each other and with other frameworks. Through a review of alignment studies published between 2000 and 2023, this study introduced both direct and indirect approaches in aligning language frameworks, along with data collection and data analysis techniques associated with each approach. It also highlighted the prerequisites, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach and offered recommendations for future alignment research.