Recent Developments in Solid Phase Microextraction Materials for Polar Analytes

Abstract

Polar analytes comprise an extensive group of compounds that are important in diverse fields with a wide range of applications from industrial use to vital biological functions; consequently, their reliable and sensitive determination is crucial. At the same time, polar compounds are the most challenging group of analytes for sample preparation, making the extraction step often complicated. In the case of SPME, the number of commercially available SPME coatings and their extraction abilities are limited. Because there is a high demand for reliable and sensitive determination of polar analytes, a substantial effort has been made for developing novel extractive materials with high affinities for polar analytes. In terms of novel SPME extractive materials and their applications to polar analytes, the most important developments have been made in the preparation of new materials, such as ionic liquids (ILs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and a myriad of nanomaterials which possess extractive behaviors. This chapter outlines the recent progress in SPME in terms of developments of extractive phases for polar analytes and their applications.