Evolution of the Fundamentals of Solid-phase Microextraction

Abstract

Sample preparation is a critical step in an analytical process. However, approaches to optimizing the associated parameters are often based on trial and error rather than rational scientific methodologies. If an extraction method provides good recovery, it is assumed that it works well and no further consideration is given to the underlying principles driving its performance. Such a perspective suggests that, when it comes to sample preparation, the fundamentals of method optimization are not as important as in other technologies, such as electrochemistry or chromatography. This is the main reason why the fundamentals of sample preparation are not typically covered in analytical chemistry curricula. Throughout my scientific career, I have carefully considered the underlying principles of sample-preparation procedures, which has led to the development of a range of extraction technologies that have been put to practical use in many labs around the world including Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME). Special attention is given in this chapter to the potential benefits of using SPME, such as higher enrichment and better performance in the characterization of complex systems, including in vivo investigations. Furthermore, optimal approaches to addressing challenges such as swelling and saturation effects are also discussed, as such issues can impair accurate quantification. The information about the operational details of SPME provided in this chapter will not only be critical for facilitating its continued evolution, but it will also be an invaluable resource for both SPME users and other scientists interested in gaining greater insight into extraction principles in general.