Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Applications of Benzothiazepines

Abstract

Benzothiazepines are attracting interest in the fields of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry because they serve as the core structure of certain drugs, particularly calcium channel blockers. This core structure is used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure and angina (chest pain) by modulating the flow of calcium ions in cells, particularly in the cells of the heart and blood vessels. One of the well-known drugs based on the benzothiazepine structure is diltiazem, which is used as a calcium channel blocker. This class of compounds is important for treating cardiovascular diseases. One of the classes of benzothiazepines is 1,4-benzothiazepine, which is a little-explored compound. Only a few members belonging to this group are known in the literature. This class has been widely explored in chemical synthesis rather than biological evaluation. A diverse range of 1,4-benzothiazepines have been synthesized by multistep synthesis, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave-aided approach, and ultrasonic synthesis. Few researchers reported the 1,4-benzothiazepine scaffold as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, bile acid absorption inhibitor, anxiolytic drug, anti-HIV agent, and antitumor agent. This study reveals several methods that have been used to synthesize 1,4-benzothiazepine derivatives. Furthermore, it can help in new drug discovery.