PREVALENCE, PATHOGENESIS, CLASSIFICATION, IMAGING, SCREENING AND MANAGE-MENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY- A CRITICAL REVIEW

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is that the leading reason for sightlessness among people between twenty-five and seventyfour years older within the industrialised world. Diabetes mellitus (DM) includes a heterogeneous cluster of disorders of carbohydrate, protein, and metastasis manifesting hyperglycemia. Diabetic retinopathy could be microangiopathy ensuing from the chronic effects of the disease, and shares similarities with the microvascular alterations that occur in different tissues at risk of DM equivalent to the kidneys and also the peripheral nerves. Diabetic retinopathy is assessed into nonproliferative and proliferative stages. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) involves progressive intraretinal microvascular alterations that may result in, and a lot of advanced proliferative stages outlined by extraretinal neovascularization. Imaging modalities in common clinical use for the management of NPDR and DME embrace structure photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The suggested schedule for screening and surveillance for NPDR reflects data concerning the epidemiology and natural history of the disease. Diabetic retinopathy could be a leading explanationfor vision loss in working-age Americans and a major cause of sightlessness worldwide. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that as several as 592 million individuals worldwide can have DM in 2035, a rise from or so 387 million people calculable to possess the disease in 2014. Here, we tend to present a review of the presentunderstanding and new insights into biochemical mechanisms within the pathological process in DR, classification, furthermore as clinical treatments for DR patients. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, retinal degeneration, fluoresces in angiography, optical coher- ence tomography, VEGF, focal/grid laser photocoagulation.