POTENTIAL MARKERS OF RECURRENCY OF UROLITHIASIS DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF STONE FORMATION INHIBITORS IN RECURRENT CALCIUM OXALATE NEPHROLITHIASIS

Abstract

Nowadays urolithiasis (nephrolithiasis) is a common disease, which treatment is a serious task of health care ser- vices not only in Russia, but throughout the world. At the same time, stones of a calcium-oxalate nature are the most common stones in patients with this pathology – in about 70-80% of cases. It is also worth noting that this disease not only has rather painful manifestations, and its treatment requires large financial costs, but also has a complex multi- factorial multistage pathogenesis, understanding the mechanisms of which can provide a key to the development of the most successful therapy. Pathogenesis itself consists of several stages, such as nucleation with the formation of a crystallization center, crystal growth, aggregation and their attachment to the surface of epithelial cells. It is known that the human body contains various substances that affect the processes of stone formation. Thus, stone formation promoters facilitate their crystallization, and inhibitors prevent it. There is a delicate balance between promoters and inhibitors, and their imbalance is often a decisive factor in pathogenesis. By their chemical nature, inhibitors can be both inorganic and organic (proteins, glycosaminoglycans) substances. The latter are especially attracting attention, since at various concentrations they can act as both inhibitors and promoters of stone formation. To fully understand the mechanisms of calcium oxalate stone formation, this review analyzes current data on inhibitors of recurrent nephrolithiasis and their role in the pathophysiology of the process of renal stone formation.