Structure and piezochromism of pyrene-1-carbaldehyde at high pressure

Abstract

The crystal structure of pyrene-1-carbaldehyde (PA), a model polyaromatic hydrocarbon, highly luminescent in the solid state and crystallizing in the triclinic system, has been re-determined at several pressures ranging from atmospheric up to 3 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. A `multi-crystal' approach was used in crystal structure determination, significantly improving completeness of X-ray diffraction data attainable for such a low-symmetry system. The crystal structure consists of infinite π-stacks of PA molecules with discernible dimers, which resemble aggregates formed by pyrene derivatives in solution as well as in the solid state. A series of measurements showed that the average inter-planar distance between individual molecules within π-stacks decreases with pressure in the investigated range. This results in piezochromic properties of PA: a significant sample color change as well as a red-shift of fluorescence with pressure, as studied with UV–vis spectroscopy. Periodic DFT calculations allowed us to relate the variations in the crystal structure with pressure to the changes in the electronic structure of this material.