Structural phase transitions in tetra(isopropylammonium) decachlorotricadmate(II), [(CH3)2CHNH3]4Cd3Cl10, crystal with a two-dimensional cadmium(II) halide network

Abstract

Single crystals of tetra(isopropylammonium) decachlorotricadmate(II) as a rare example of a two-dimensional cadmium(II) halide network of [Cd3Cl10]_n^{4 - } have been synthesized and characterized by means of calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The crystals exhibit polymorphism in a relatively narrow temperature range (three phase transitions at 353, 294 and 259 K). Our main focus was to establish the mechanism of these successive transformations. The crystal structure was solved and refined in the space group Cmce at 375 K (Phase I), Pbca at 320 K (Phase II) and P212121 (Phase III) at 275 K in the same unit-cell metric. The structure is composed of face-sharing polyanionic [Cd3Cl10]4− units which are interconnected at the bridging Cl atom into four-membered rings forming a unique two-dimensional network of [Cd3Cl10]_n^{4 - }. The interstitial voids within the network are large enough to accommodate isopropylammonium cations and permit thermally activated rotations. While in Phase I isopropylammonium tetrahedra rotate almost freely about the C—N bond, the low-temperature phases are the playground of competition between the thermally activated disorder of isopropylammonium cations and stabilizing N—H...Cl hydrogen-bond interactions. The transition from Phase I to II is dominated by a displacive mechanism that leads to significant rearrangement of the polyanionic units. Cation order–disorder phenomena become prominent at lower temperatures.