Multiple twinning in pure hexagonal close-packed titanium

Abstract

Commercial pure titanium (T40) was deformed in channel die compression by means of the split-sample technique in order to study multiple twinning. Particular attention was paid to the twin variant presentation and selection during multiple twinning. All possible misorientations, corresponding to the multiple twins arising from the combination of the {1 1 {\overline 2} 2} compression (C) twin, the {1 0 {\overline 1} 2} tension twin (T1) and the {1 1 {\overline 2} 1} tension twin (T2), were calculated with respect to the crystal basis of the matrix grain. All the multiple twin variants are partitioned into ten classes with the same crystallographically equivalent misorientation angle and axis. However, when the influence of twinning order is taken into account, the multiple twin variants are partitioned into 15 classes. Experimental results prove that the selection of twin variants (primary and secondary) is mainly governed by their macroscopic Schmid factor (SF). The normalized SF is more efficient at predicting variant selection. A twin formed in one grain can activate another twin in a neighbouring grain, provided that the angle between the two twinning planes does not exceed 20°.