Immunometabolic aspects of chronic nonspecific inflammation in obesity

Abstract

The disappointing results of epidemiological studies in recent years continue to attract the attention of scientists to obesity - one of the most acute medical and social problems of our time. In the last few decades, adipose tissue has been regarded as an immunobiological and endocrine organ that secretes a large number of hormones, adipokines and growth factors that play an important role in regulating energy homeostasis and a variety of immune processes. The latest results of molecular genetic, immunometabolic, morphological and microbiological studies force scientists to approach the study of this complex issue from different angles. One of them is a change in the work of the immune system in conditions of overweight, which is based on the formation of chronic nonspecific inflammation. The presented review examines the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of the inflammatory process against the background of obesity, in the development of which several stages are currently conditionally distinguished: adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoxia, adipocyte necrosis, cellular infiltration and the formation of fibrosis. The article also analyzes modern scientific data on the relationship of chronic inflammation with complications of obesity and the physiological characteristics of the child's body, which can be an important link in the formation of metabolic disorders. In addition, the authors discuss the possible connection of the formation of various obesity phenotypes with a violation of the implementation of certain immune mechanisms – an area in which there is currently a significant amount of disagreement and unresolved issues. Further study of the phenotypes of obesity is one of the key points underlying the formation of metabolic disorders in this disease.