Molecular Monitoring and Mutations in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: How to Get the Most out of Your Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

Abstract

The course of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and the response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are best monitored and assessed using two molecular tests: the first is real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR), which measures the size of residual disease that is expressed as BCR-ABL1% (the ratio between BCR-ABL1 and a control gene) and the other is mutational analysis by Sanger sequencing, which checks for the presence of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain point mutations. Both tests are technically demanding and require a high level of specialization and standardization. RQ-PCR, when performed on a regular basis, allows for the defining of molecular response (MR) levels as log reduction from a standardized baseline: major molecular response (MMR or MR3) that is the best predictor of survival; and the deeper molecular response (MR4, MR4.5, and MR5) that is necessary to enroll a patient in a trial aiming at treatment-free remission (TFR). Mutational analysis, to be performed in case of failure or warning by Sanger sequencing, allows for screening of the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain for mutations conferring resistance to TKIs. Since different mutations have different degrees of sensitivity to each of the currently available TKI, the knowledge of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain–mutation status is necessary for subsequent treatment choice. Optimal patient management requires that MR and mutational information be rationally interpreted at both the technical and at the biologic level, and put into context—therapeutic decisions also take into account other factors, such as age, comorbidities, side effects, compliance, and treatment-related complications.