Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse

Author:

Walter Thomas R.ORCID,Haghshenas Haghighi MahmudORCID,Schneider Felix M.ORCID,Coppola DiegoORCID,Motagh MahdiORCID,Saul Joachim,Babeyko Andrey,Dahm Torsten,Troll Valentin R.ORCID,Tilmann Frederik,Heimann Sebastian,Valade Sébastien,Triyono Rahmat,Khomarudin Rokhis,Kartadinata Nugraha,Laiolo MarcoORCID,Massimetti Francesco,Gaebler Peter

Abstract

Abstract Flank instability and sector collapses, which pose major threats, are common on volcanic islands. On 22 Dec 2018, a sector collapse event occurred at Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait, triggering a deadly tsunami. Here we use multiparametric ground-based and space-borne data to show that prior to its collapse, the volcano exhibited an elevated state of activity, including precursory thermal anomalies, an increase in the island’s surface area, and a gradual seaward motion of its southwestern flank on a dipping décollement. Two minutes after a small earthquake, seismic signals characterize the collapse of the volcano’s flank at 13:55 UTC. This sector collapse decapitated the cone-shaped edifice and triggered a tsunami that caused 430 fatalities. We discuss the nature of the precursor processes underpinning the collapse that culminated in a complex hazard cascade with important implications for the early detection of potential flank instability at other volcanoes.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

General Physics and Astronomy,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Chemistry

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