Abstract
Abstract
Stochastic processes are highly relevant in research fields as different as neuroscience, economy, ecology, chemistry, and fundamental physics. However, due to their intrinsic unpredictability, stochastic mechanisms are very challenging for any kind of investigations and practical applications. Here we report the deliberate use of stochastic X-ray pulses in two-dimensional spectroscopy to the simultaneous mapping of unoccupied and occupied electronic states of atoms in a regime where the opacity and transparency properties of matter are subject to the incident intensity and photon energy. A readily transferable matrix formalism is presented to extract the electronic states from a dataset measured with the monitored input from a stochastic excitation source. The presented formalism enables investigations of the response of the electronic structure to irradiation with intense X-ray pulses while the time structure of the incident pulses is preserved.
Funder
Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego
Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Physics and Astronomy,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Chemistry
Reference56 articles.
1. Zhang, M. A Markov stochastic process theory of cosmic-ray modulation. Astrophys. J. 513, 409 (1999).
2. Guidorzi, C. et al. A common stochastic process rules gamma-ray burst prompt emission and X-ray flares. Astrophys. J. 801, 57 (2015).
3. Emma, P. et al. First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser. Nat. Photonics 4, 641–647 (2010).
4. Kondratenko, A. & Saldin, E. Generation of coherent radiation by a beam of relativistic electrons in an undulator. Partic. Accel. 10, 207–216 (1980).
5. Andruszkow, J. et al. First observation of self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free-electron laser at 109 nm wavelength. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3825–3829 (2000).
Cited by
25 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献，注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献，订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献