Abstract
AbstractStomatal opening requires the provision of energy in the form of ATP for proton pumping across the guard cell (GC) plasma membrane and for associated metabolic rearrangements. The source of ATP for GCs is a matter of ongoing debate that is mainly fuelled by controversies around the ability of GC chloroplasts (GCCs) to perform photosynthesis. By imaging compartment-specific fluorescent ATP and NADPH sensor proteins in Arabidopsis, we show that GC photosynthesis is limited and mitochondria are the main source of ATP. Unlike mature mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts, which are impermeable to cytosolic ATP, GCCs import cytosolic ATP through NUCLEOTIDE TRANSPORTER (NTT) proteins. GCs from ntt mutants exhibit impaired abilities for starch biosynthesis and stomatal opening. Our work shows that GCs obtain ATP and carbohydrates via different routes from MCs, likely to compensate for the lower chlorophyll contents and limited photosynthesis of GCCs.
Funder
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Innovation and Technology Fund
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Physics and Astronomy,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Chemistry,Multidisciplinary
Cited by
34 articles.
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