Author:
Pryor Sophie H.,Hill Ross,Dixson Danielle L.,Fraser Nicola J.,Kelaher Brendan P.,Scott Anna
Abstract
Abstract
Ocean warming is causing the symbioses between cnidarians and their algal symbionts to breakdown more frequently, resulting in bleaching. For sea anemones, nutritional benefits derived from hosting anemonefishes increase their algal symbiont density. The sea anemone-anemonefish relationship could, therefore, facilitate bleaching recovery. To test this, bleached and unbleached sea anemones, both with and without anemonefish, were monitored in the laboratory. At the start of our experiment, algal symbiont density and colour score were lower in the bleached than unbleached sea anemones, whereas total chlorophyll remained similar. After 106 days, bleached sea anemones with anemonefish had an algal symbiont density and colour score equal to the controls (unbleached sea anemones and without anemonefish), indicating recovery had occurred. Furthermore, total chlorophyll was 66% higher in the bleached sea anemones with anemonefish than the controls. In contrast, recovery did not occur for the bleached sea anemones without anemonefish as they had 78% fewer algal symbionts than the controls, and colour score remained lower. Unbleached sea anemones with anemonefish also showed positive changes in algal symbiont density and total chlorophyll, which increased by 103% and 264%, respectively. Consequently, anemonefishes give their host sea anemones a distinct ecological advantage by enhancing resilience to bleaching, highlighting the benefits of symbioses in a changing climate.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference71 articles.
1. Muscatine, L. & Porter, J. W. Reef corals: Mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience 27, 454–460 (1977).
2. Smith, D. C. & Douglas, A. E. The Biology of Symbiosis (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1987).
3. Rao, H. Interorganizational Ecology: Haygreeva. In The Blackwell Companion to Organisations (ed. Baum, J. A.) 541–556 (Backwell, Oxford, 2017).
4. Martínez-García, L. B., De Deyn, G. B., Pugnaire, F. I., Kothamasi, D. & van der Heijden, M. G. Symbiotic soil fungi enhance ecosystem resilience to climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 5228–5236 (2017).
5. Compant, S., Van Der Heijden, M. G. & Sessitsch, A. Climate change effects on beneficial plant–microorganism interactions. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 73, 197–214 (2010).
Cited by
13 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献