Abstract
AbstractThis case drew national attention in 2018. About 100 people died and more than 300 hospitalized in a span of few years in a village of 1200 people in a tribal stretch in central India. Medical teams visiting the area reported severe renal failure and blamed the local eating and drinking habits as causative factors. This human health assessment based on geochemical investigations finds nitrate (NO3−) and fluoride (F−) pollution as well in village’s groundwater. Both deterministic and probabilistic techniques are employed to decipher the contamination pathways and extent of contamination. Source apportionments of NO3− and F− and their relationship with other ions in groundwater are carried out through chemometric modelling. Latent factors controlling the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater too are explored. While hazard quotients ($$HQ$$
HQ
) of the chemical parameters ($$HQ_{{{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } }}$$
H
Q
NO
3
-
and $$HQ_{{{\text{F}}^{ - } }}$$
H
Q
F
-
) identify ingestion as the prominent pathway, the calculated risk certainty levels (RCL) of the hazard index (HI) values above unity are compared between the deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Deterministic model overestimates the HI values and magnify the contamination problems. Probabilistic model gives realistic results that stand at infants ($$HI_{{{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
NO
3
-
= 34.03%, $$HI_{{{\text{F}}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
F
-
= 24.17%) > children ($$HI_{{{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
NO
3
-
= 23.01%, $$HI_{{{\text{F}}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
F
-
= 10.56%) > teens ($$HI_{{{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
NO
3
-
= 13.17%, $$HI_{{{\text{F}}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
F
-
= 2.00%) > adults ($$HI_{{{\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
NO
3
-
= 11.62%, $$HI_{{{\text{F}}^{ - } }}$$
H
I
F
-
= 1.25%). Geochemically, about 90% of the samples are controlled by rock-water interaction with Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− (~ 56%) as the dominant hydrochemical facies. Chemometric modelling confirms Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, F−, and SO42− to originate from geogenic sources, Cl− and NO3− from anthropogenic inputs and Na+ and K+ from mixed factors. The area needs treated groundwater for human consumption.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference157 articles.
1. Guo, Y., Li, P., He, X. & Wang, L. Groundwater quality in and around a landfill in Northwest China: Characteristic pollutant identification, health risk assessment, and controlling factor analysis. Expo. Health 14, 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00464-6 (2022).
2. He, S., Li, P., Su, F., Wang, D. & Ren, X. Identification and apportionment of shallow groundwater nitrate pollution in Weining Plain, northwest China, using hydrochemical indices, nitrate stable isotopes, and the new Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR). Environ. Pollut. 298, 118852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118852 (2022).
3. Gugulothu, S., Subba Rao, N., Das, R., Duvva, L. K. & Dhakate, R. Judging the sources of inferior groundwater quality and health risk problems through intake of groundwater nitrate and fluoride from a rural part of Telangana, India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 49070–49091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18967-9 (2022).
4. Rajkumar, H., Naik, P. K., Singh, G. & Rishi, M. Hydrogeochemical characterization, multi-exposure deterministic and probabilistic health hazard evaluation in groundwater in parts of Northern India. Toxin Rev. 42(1), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2080222 (2023).
5. Sankara, L. & Pratap, R. S. Health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride toxicity in groundwater contamination in the Nagarkurnool watershed region of Telangana state. J. Appl. Geochem. 25(1), 9–25 (2023).
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献