A high sensitivity Cherenkov detector for prompt gamma timing and time imaging

Author:

Jacquet Maxime,Ansari Saba,Gallin-Martel Marie-Laure,André Adélie,Boursier Yannick,Dupont Mathieu,Es-smimih Jilali,Gallin-Martel Laurent,Hérault Joël,Hoarau Christophe,Hofverberg Johan-Petter,Maneval Daniel,Morel Christian,Muraz Jean-François,Salicis Fabrice,Marcatili Sara

Abstract

AbstractWe recently proposed a new approach for the real-time monitoring of particle therapy treatments with the goal of achieving high sensitivities on the particle range measurement already at limited counting statistics. This method extends the Prompt Gamma (PG) timing technique to obtain the PG vertex distribution from the exclusive measurement of particle Time-Of-Flight (TOF). It was previously shown, through Monte Carlo simulation, that an original data reconstruction algorithm (Prompt Gamma Time Imaging) allows to combine the response of multiple detectors placed around the target. The sensitivity of this technique depends on both the system time resolution and the beam intensity. At reduced intensities (Single Proton Regime—SPR), a millimetric proton range sensitivity can be achieved, provided the overall PG plus proton TOF can be measured with a 235 ps (FWHM) time resolution. At nominal beam intensities, a sensitivity of a few mm can still be obtained by increasing the number of incident protons included in the monitoring procedure. In this work we focus on the experimental feasibility of PGTI in SPR through the development of a multi-channel, Cherenkov-based PG detector with a targeted time resolution of 235 ps (FWHM): the TOF Imaging ARrAy (TIARA). Since PG emission is a rare phenomenon, TIARA design is led by the concomitant optimisation of its detection efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The PG module that we developed is composed of a small PbF$$_{2}$$ 2 crystal coupled to a silicon photoMultiplier to provide the time stamp of the PG. This module is currently read in time coincidence with a diamond-based beam monitor placed upstream the target/patient to measure the proton time of arrival. TIARA will be eventually composed of 30 identical modules uniformly arranged around the target. The absence of a collimation system and the use of Cherenkov radiators are both crucial to increase the detection efficiency and the SNR, respectively. A first prototype of the TIARA block detector was tested with 63 MeV protons delivered from a cyclotron: a time resolution of 276 ps (FWHM) was obtained, resulting in a proton range sensitivity of 4 mm at 2$$\sigma$$ σ with the acquisition of only 600 PGs. A second prototype was also evaluated with 148 MeV protons delivered from a synchro-cyclotron obtaining a time resolution below 167 ps (FWHM) for the gamma detector. Moreover, using two identical PG modules, it was shown that a uniform sensitivity on the PG profiles would be achievable by combining the response of gamma detectors uniformly distributed around the target. This work provides the experimental proof-of-concept for the development of a high sensitivity detector that can be used to monitor particle therapy treatments and potentially act in real-time if the irradiation does not comply to treatment plan.

Funder

INSERM Cancer

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Cited by 8 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Prompt gamma energy integration: a new method for online-range verification in proton therapy with pulsed-beams;Frontiers in Physics;2024-06-12

2. ‘Accurate proton range shift verification by using a two-layer dense-pixel LYSO compton camera prototype;Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment;2024-06

3. Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters;Physics in Medicine & Biology;2024-05-14

4. Prompt gamma imaging system in particle therapy: a mini-review;Frontiers in Physics;2024-05-13

5. Technological Developments and Future Perspectives in Particle Therapy: A Topical Review;IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences;2024-05

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