Electrical stimulation of chicken embryo development supports the Inside story scenario of human development and evolution

Abstract

AbstractAnimal evolution is driven by random mutations at the genome level. However, it has long been suggested that there exist physical constraints which limit the set of possible outcomes. In craniate evolution, it has been observed that head features, notably in the genus homo, can be ordered in a morphological diagram such that, as the brain expands, the head rocks more forward, face features become less prognathous and the mouth tends to recede. One school of paleontologists suggests that this trend is wired somewhere structurally inside the anatomy, and that random modifications of genes push up or down animal forms along a pre-determined path. No actual experiment has been able to settle the dispute. I present here an experiment of electric stimulation of the head in the chicken embryo which is able to enhance the magnitude of tension forces during development. This experimental intervention causes a correlated brain shrinkage and rotatory movement of the head, congruent with tissue texture, which proves that head dilation and flexure are intimately linked. Numerical modelling explains why the brain curls when it dilates. This gives support to the idea that there exists, in the texture of the vertebrate embryo, a latent dynamic pattern for the observed paleontological trends in craniates towards homo, a concept known as Inside story.