Anopheles ecology, genetics and malaria transmission in northern Cambodia

Author:

Vantaux AmélieORCID,Riehle Michelle M.ORCID,Piv Eakpor,Farley Elise J.,Chy Sophy,Kim Saorin,Corbett Anneli G.,Fehrman Rachel L.ORCID,Pepey AnaisORCID,Eiglmeier KarinORCID,Lek Dysoley,Siv Sovannaroth,Mueller Ivo,Vernick Kenneth D.ORCID,Witkowski Benoit

Abstract

AbstractIn the Greater Mekong Subregion, malaria cases have significantly decreased but little is known about the vectors or mechanisms responsible for residual malaria transmission. We analysed a total of 3920 Anopheles mosquitoes collected during the rainy and dry seasons from four ecological settings in Cambodia (villages, forested areas near villages, rubber tree plantations and forest sites). Using odor-baited traps, 81% of the total samples across all sites were collected in cow baited traps, although 67% of the samples attracted by human baited traps were collected in forest sites. Overall, 20% of collected Anopheles were active during the day, with increased day biting during the dry season. 3131 samples were identified morphologically as 14 different species, and a subset was also identified by DNA amplicon sequencing allowing determination of 29 Anopheles species. The investigation of well characterized insecticide mutations (ace-1, kdr, and rdl genes) indicated that individuals carried mutations associated with response to all the different classes of insecticides. There also appeared to be a non-random association between mosquito species and insecticide resistance with Anopheles peditaeniatus exhibiting nearly fixed mutations. Molecular screening for Plasmodium sp. presence indicated that 3.6% of collected Anopheles were positive, most for P. vivax followed by P. falciparum. These results highlight some of the key mechanisms driving residual human malaria transmission in Cambodia, and illustrate the importance of diverse collection methods, sites and seasons to avoid bias and better characterize Anopheles mosquito ecology in Southeast Asia.

Funder

National Institutes of Health

Horizon 2020 Infrastructures

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Agence Nationale de la Recherche,France

Calmette and Yersin Ph.D. scholarship

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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