Author:
Rumbo Carlos,Espina Cristina Cancho,Gassmann Jürgen,Tosoni Olivier,Barros García Rocío,Martín Sonia Martel,Tamayo-Ramos Juan Antonio
Abstract
AbstractDue to their exceptional physico-chemical and magnetic characteristics, rare earth (RE) permanent magnets are applied in multiple critical technologies. However, several environmental and economic difficulties arising from obtaining RE elements have prompted the search of alternatives with acceptable magnetic properties but containing a lower percentage of these elements in their composition. The aim of this work was to perform a preliminary toxicological evaluation of three forms of newly developed RE-lean alloys (one NdFeTi and two NdFeSi alloys) applying different in vitro assays, using as a benchmark a commercial NdFeB alloy. Thus, the effects of the direct exposure to powder suspensions and to their derived leachates were analysed in two model organisms (the A549 human cell line and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) applying both viability and oxidative stress assays. Moreover, the impact of the alloy leachates on the bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri was also investigated. The obtained data showed that only the direct interaction of the alloys particulates with the applied organisms resulted in harmful effects, having all the alloys a comparable toxicological potential to that presented by the reference material in the conditions tested. Altogether, this study provides new insights about the safety of NdFeTi and NdFeSi alloys.
Funder
Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund-Youth European Initiative grant
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference40 articles.
1. Balaram, V. Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact. Geosci. Front. 10, 1285–1303 (2019).
2. Pan, S. Rare Earth Permanent-Magnet Alloys’ High Temperature Phase Transformation. In Situ and Dynamic Observation and Its Application in Material Design (Springer, 2013).
3. Brown, D. N. Fabrication, processing technologies, and new advances for RE–Fe–B magnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 52, 1–9 (2016).
4. Rollat, A., Guyonnet, D., Planchon, M. & Tuduri, J. Prospective analysis of the flows of certain rare earths in Europe at the 2020 horizon. Waste Manag. 49, 427–436 (2016).
5. Nguyen, R. T., Imholte, D. D., Matthews, A. C. & Swank, W. D. NdFeB content in ancillary motors of U.S. conventional passenger cars and light trucks: Results from the field. Waste Manag. 83, 209–217 (2019).
Cited by
6 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献