Neural foundation of the diathesis-stress model: longitudinal gray matter volume changes in response to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and healthy controls

Author:

Thomas-Odenthal FlorianORCID,Ringwald Kai,Teutenberg Lea,Stein Frederike,Alexander Nina,Bonnekoh Linda M.,Brosch Katharina,Dohm Katharina,Flinkenflügel Kira,Grotegerd Dominik,Hahn TimORCID,Jansen Andreas,Leehr Elisabeth J.,Meinert SusanneORCID,Pfarr Julia-Katharina,Renz Harald,Schürmeyer Navid,Stief Thomas,Straube Benjamin,Thiel Katharina,Usemann Paula,Winter AlexandraORCID,Krug AxelORCID,Nenadić Igor,Dannlowski Udo,Kircher Tilo

Abstract

AbstractRecurrences of depressive episodes in major depressive disorder (MDD) can be explained by the diathesis-stress model, suggesting that stressful life events (SLEs) can trigger MDD episodes in individuals with pre-existing vulnerabilities. However, the longitudinal neurobiological impact of SLEs on gray matter volume (GMV) in MDD and its interaction with early-life adversity remains unresolved. In 754 participants aged 18–65 years (362 MDD patients; 392 healthy controls; HCs), we assessed longitudinal associations between SLEs (Life Events Questionnaire) and whole-brain GMV changes (3 Tesla MRI) during a 2-year interval, using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12. We also explored the potential moderating role of childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) on these associations. Over the 2-year interval, HCs demonstrated significant GMV reductions in the middle frontal, precentral, and postcentral gyri in response to higher levels of SLEs, while MDD patients showed no such GMV changes. Childhood maltreatment did not moderate these associations in either group. However, MDD patients who had at least one depressive episode during the 2-year interval, compared to those who did not, or HCs, showed GMV increases in the middle frontal, precentral, and postcentral gyri associated with an increase in SLEs and childhood maltreatment. Our findings indicate distinct GMV changes in response to SLEs between MDD patients and HCs. GMV decreases in HCs may represent adaptive responses to stress, whereas GMV increases in MDD patients with both childhood maltreatment and a depressive episode during the 2-year interval may indicate maladaptive changes, suggesting a neural foundation for the diathesis-stress model in MDD recurrences.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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