Three genetic–environmental networks for human personality

Author:

Zwir Igor,Del-Val Coral,Arnedo Javier,Pulkki-Råback Laura,Konte BettinaORCID,Yang Sarah S.,Romero-Zaliz Rocio,Hintsanen Mirka,Cloninger Kevin M.,Garcia DaniloORCID,Svrakic Dragan M.,Lester Nigel,Rozsa Sandor,Mesa Alberto,Lyytikäinen Leo-Pekka,Giegling Ina,Kähönen Mika,Martinez Maribel,Seppälä IlkkaORCID,Raitoharju Emma,de Erausquin Gabriel A.,Mamah Daniel,Raitakari Olli,Rujescu Dan,Postolache Teodor T.,Gu C. Charles,Sung Joohon,Lehtimäki Terho,Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa,Cloninger C. RobertORCID

Abstract

AbstractPhylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness. We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2) organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles (i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,Psychiatry and Mental health,Molecular Biology

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