Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults
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Published:2022-07-25
Issue:8
Volume:28
Page:1706-1714
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ISSN:1078-8956
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Container-title:Nature Medicine
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Nat Med
Author:
Subramanian Anuradhaa, Nirantharakumar KrishnarajahORCID, Hughes SarahORCID, Myles Puja, Williams Tim, Gokhale Krishna M., Taverner Tom, Chandan Joht SinghORCID, Brown KirstyORCID, Simms-Williams Nikita, Shah Anoop D., Singh Megha, Kidy Farah, Okoth Kelvin, Hotham Richard, Bashir NasirORCID, Cockburn Neil, Lee Siang Ing, Turner Grace M., Gkoutos Georgios V.ORCID, Aiyegbusi Olalekan LeeORCID, McMullan Christel, Denniston Alastair K.ORCID, Sapey Elizabeth, Lord Janet M., Wraith David C.ORCID, Leggett Edward, Iles Clare, Marshall Tom, Price Malcolm J., Marwaha Steven, Davies Elin Haf, Jackson Louise J.ORCID, Matthews Karen L., Camaradou Jenny, Calvert MelanieORCID, Haroon ShamilORCID
Abstract
AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a range of persistent symptoms impacting everyday functioning, known as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID. We undertook a retrospective matched cohort study using a UK-based primary care database, Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, to determine symptoms that are associated with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection beyond 12 weeks in non-hospitalized adults and the risk factors associated with developing persistent symptoms. We selected 486,149 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1,944,580 propensity score-matched adults with no recorded evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes included 115 individual symptoms, as well as long COVID, defined as a composite outcome of 33 symptoms by the World Health Organization clinical case definition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the outcomes. A total of 62 symptoms were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after 12 weeks. The largest aHRs were for anosmia (aHR 6.49, 95% CI 5.02–8.39), hair loss (3.99, 3.63–4.39), sneezing (2.77, 1.40–5.50), ejaculation difficulty (2.63, 1.61–4.28) and reduced libido (2.36, 1.61–3.47). Among the cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for long COVID included female sex, belonging to an ethnic minority, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, obesity and a wide range of comorbidities. The risk of developing long COVID was also found to be increased along a gradient of decreasing age. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a plethora of symptoms that are associated with a range of sociodemographic and clinical risk factors.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine
Reference34 articles.
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