Efficient DNA-assisted synthesis of trans-membrane gold nanowires

Abstract

Abstract Whereas electric circuits and surface-based (bio)chemical sensors are mostly constructed in-plane due to ease of manufacturing, 3D microscale and nanoscale structures allow denser integration of electronic components and improved mass transport of the analyte to (bio)chemical sensor surfaces. This work reports the first out-of-plane metallic nanowire formation based on stretching of DNA through a porous membrane. We use rolling circle amplification (RCA) to generate long single-stranded DNA concatemers with one end anchored to the surface. The DNA strands are stretched through the pores in the membrane during liquid removal by forced convection. Because the liquid–air interface movement across the membrane occurs in every pore, DNA stretching across the membrane is highly efficient. The stretched DNA molecules are transformed into trans-membrane gold nanowires through gold nanoparticle hybridization and gold enhancement chemistry. A 50 fM oligonucleotide concentration, a value two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported for flat surface-based nanowire formation, was sufficient for nanowire formation. We observed nanowires in up to 2.7% of the membrane pores, leading to an across-membrane electrical conductivity reduction from open circuit to <20 Ω. The simple electrical read-out offers a high signal-to-noise ratio and can also be extended for use as a biosensor due to the high specificity and scope for multiplexing offered by RCA.