1. Siegel, R., Ma, J., Zou, Z. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J. Clin. 64, 9–29 (2014).
2. Lin, K., Croswell, J.M., Koenig, H., Lam, C. & Maltz, A. in Prostate-Specific Antigen–Based Screening for Prostate Cancer: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2011).
3. Melnikow, J., LeFevre, M., Wilt, T.J. & Moyer, V.A. Counterpoint: randomized trials provide the strongest evidence for clinical guidelines: The US Preventive Services Task Force and Prostate Cancer Screening. Med. Care 51, 301–303 (2013).
4. Gomella, L.G. et al. Screening for prostate cancer: the current evidence and guidelines controversy. Can. J. Urol. 18, 5875–5883 (2011).
5. Lichtenstein, P. et al. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 78–85 (2000).