1. Wennerås, C. & Wold, A. Nature 387, 341–343 (1997).
2. PRISM Women and Peer-review: An audit of the Wellcome Trust's decision making process (Wellcome Trust, December 1997).
3. http://www.mrc.ac.uk
.
4. Journal expected citations rates file (Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, 1990).
5. These data were commissioned from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). Biomedical science is defined as all full-time academic staff (researchers and other grades, lecturers, senior lecturers and readers, and professors, whether or not tenured) working in the following cost centres: clinical medicine, clinical dentistry, veterinary science, anatomy and physiology, nursing and paramedical studies, health and community studies, psychology and behavioural sciences, pharmacy, pharmacology and biosciences.