Abstract
Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , is a significant pest causing substantial economic losses worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalent strategy for managing FAW involves insecticide applications, ranging from synthetic to botanical and microbial agents. However, the ecological and economic impacts of these interventions often remain unassessed. This study scrutinizes the ecological and economic viability of two insecticidal treatments: one based on emamectin benzoate and another comprising a combination of Pieris rapae granulovirus (PrGV) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) with varied application timings and frequencies. Our findings indicate that both insecticide types were effective in reducing FAW larval populations and the associated crop damage. From an ecological standpoint, the PrGV|Btk treatment enhanced parasitism rates, especially when applied only at the early stage of the crop. However, this approach did not significantly lower crop damage compared to a "targeted" strategy, where insecticide application was contingent upon observed injury levels. Remarkably, the "targeted" strategy led to increased FAW larval parasitism, particularly at the V7 growth stage of the crop. Economically, the "targeted" insecticide application emerged as both effective and efficient, minimizing the need for multiple sprays and thus recommended for managing FAW infestations while considering cost and ecological balance.