1. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
2. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA,
3. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA,
4. Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA,
5. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA