Recovery of Shoulder, Elbow, and Forearm Movement After Nerve Reconstruction for Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a relative dearth of published data with respect to recovery of upper extremity movement after nerve reconstruction for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). This study aimed to demonstrate long-term recovery of active range of motion (AROM) at the shoulder, elbow, and forearm after nerve reconstruction for NBPP and to compare that with patients managed nonoperatively. METHODS: We interrogated a prospectively collected database of all patients evaluated for NBPP at a single institution from 2005 to 2020. AROM measurements for shoulder, elbow, and forearm movements were collected at every visit up to 5 years of follow-up and normalized between 0 and 1. We used generalized estimated equations to predict AROM for each movement within local age windows over 5 years and compared the operative and nonoperative cohorts at each age interval. RESULTS: In total, >13 000 collected datapoints representing 425 conservatively and 99 operatively managed children were included for analysis. At 5 years, absolute recovery of AROM after nerve reconstruction was ∼50% for shoulder abduction and forward flexion, ∼65% for shoulder external rotation, and ∼75% for elbow flexion and forearm supination, with ∼20% loss of elbow extension AROM. Despite more limited AROM on presentation for the operative cohort, at 5 years, there was no significant difference between the groups in AROM for shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, or forearm supination, and, in Narakas grade 1–2 injury, shoulder abduction and forward flexion. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate recovery of upper extremity AROM after nerve surgery for NBPP. Despite more severe presenting injury, operative patients had similar recovery of AROM when compared with nonoperative patients for shoulder external rotation, elbow extension, forearm supination, and, for Narakas grade 1–2 injury, shoulder abduction and forward flexion.