Optimization of Radiofrequency Needle Placement in Percutaneous Cordotomy Using Electromyography in the Deeply Sedated Patient

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cordotomy, the selective disconnection of the nociceptive fibers in the spinothalamic tract, is used to provide pain palliation to oncological patients suffering from intractable cancer-related pain. Cordotomies are commonly performed using a cervical (C1-2) percutaneous approach under imaging guidance and require patients' cooperation to functionally localize the spinothalamic tract. This can be challenging in patients suffering from extreme pain. It has recently been demonstrated that intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring by electromyography may aid in safe lesion positioning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in deeply sedated patients undergoing percutaneous cervical cordotomy (PCC). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who underwent percutaneous cordotomy while deeply sedated between January 2019 and November 2022 in 2 academic centers. The operative report, neuromonitoring logs, and clinical medical records were evaluated. RESULTS: Eleven patients underwent PCC under deep sedation. In all patients, the final motor assessment prior to ablation was done using the electrophysiological criterion alone. The median threshold for evoking CMAP activity at the lesion site was 0.9 V ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 V (average 1 V ± 0.34 V SD). An immediate, substantial decrease in pain was observed in 9 patients. The median pain scores (Numeric Rating Scale) decreased from 10 preoperatively (range 8-10) to a median 0 (range 0-10) immediately after surgery. None of our patients developed motor deficits. CONCLUSION: CMAP-guided PCC may be feasible in deeply sedated patients without added risk to postoperative motor function. This technique should be considered in a group of patients who are not able to undergo awake PCC.