1. Contribution from the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, Division of Environmental Research, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, and Division of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan